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Novel processes for hybrid thermoset-thermoplastic pultruded parts | CompositesWorld

Overair heads to flight testing in early 2024, marked by rapid prototype development. 

The eVTOL developer is scouting locations in the U.S. for continued flight testing of its inaugural consumer aircraft, AIR One, through the Agility Prime program. Thermoplastic Composites Examples

Together, the two Spanish companies will outline plans for eVTOL aircraft and operations integration in Europe and Latin America to ensure compatible interaction and maximize aircraft performance.

Following DOA approval, Lilium shifts from the design phase to industrialization, including fuselage matching and joining and a ramp-up of parts production from Tier 1 aerospace suppliers.

The composites-intensive electric aircraft was purchased to meet the airline’s goal of flying a commercial demonstrator by 2026.

The $37 million contract will enable Piasecki to demonstrate its ARES tilt-duct VTOL aircraft and hydrogen fuel cell propulsion technologies.

A new ASTM-standardized test method established in 2022 assesses the compression-loaded damage tolerance of sandwich composites.  

Composites automation specialist increases access to next-gen technologies, including novel AFP systems and unique 3D parts using adaptive molds.

Combined LSAM and five-axis CNC milling capabilities will optimize D-Composites’ production services, flexibility and cut time and cost for composite tooling manufacture.

Evaluation of CFRTP m-pipe through Element’s U.K. facility aims to qualify the system for new operating environments.

Innovative prepreg tooling is highly drapable, capable of forming complex carbon fiber tooling shapes, in addition to reducing through thickness porosity and only requiring one debulk during layup.

Simutence and Engenuity demonstrate a virtual process chain enabling evaluation of process-induced fiber orientations for improved structural simulation and failure load prediction of a composite wing rib.

Composites automation specialist increases access to next-gen technologies, including novel AFP systems and unique 3D parts using adaptive molds.

New support will enable climate-friendly, high-performance and aesthetically pleasing interiors made from ekoa natural fiber composite surfaces and panels.

Holding the new Guinness World Record at 11.98 meters, the 3D-printed composite water taxi used a CEAD Flexbot to print two hulls in less than 12 days.

Torayca-based aerospace components have successfully been repurposed into the Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 12, highlighting the ongoing application of recycled composites.  

Novel method for fiber-to-fiber recycling of used textiles and a low-cost, cost-effective precursor for carbon fiber manufacture earn 2023 Walter Reiners Foundation Awards.

Components critical to a bobsled’s functionality — push handles, hand grips and seats — were tailored from Windform materials, heightening both performance and safety for athletes’ racing in the 2026 Winter Olympics.

T50B masterbatch by Mechnano, in partnership with Bomar, streamlines AM resin development, resolving CNT dispersion issues and elevating mechanical performance while catering to various printing technologies

Three prefabricated, low-carbon homes, using Mighty Buildings’ large-format 3D printing and UV-curable resins, will be built in the San Francisco Bay Area as models for future industry developments. 

Composites automation specialist increases access to next-gen technologies, including novel AFP systems and unique 3D parts using adaptive molds.

Plastics and composites manufacturers will benefit from Roctool’s heat and cooling induction for molding processes, with increased technical service support and capability demonstrations on a global scale.

Cygnet Texkimp’s Multi Roll Stack and composite recycling technology catalyze ASCEND program’s mission to optimize aerospace, automotive hydrogen storage and CFRP sustainability.

Holding the new Guinness World Record at 11.98 meters, the 3D-printed composite water taxi used a CEAD Flexbot to print two hulls in less than 12 days.

CW explores key composite developments that have shaped how we see and think about the industry today.

Knowing the fundamentals for reading drawings — including master ply tables, ply definition diagrams and more — lays a foundation for proper composite design evaluation.

As battery electric and fuel cell electric vehicles continue to supplant internal combustion engine vehicles, composite materials are quickly finding adoption to offset a variety of challenges, particularly for battery enclosure and fuel cell development.  

Performing regular maintenance of the layup tool for successful sealing and release is required to reduce the risk of part adherence.

Increasingly, prototype and production-ready smart devices featuring thermoplastic composite cases and other components provide lightweight, optimized sustainable alternatives to metal.

The composite pressure vessel market is fast-growing and now dominated by demand for hydrogen storage.

The burgeoning advanced air mobility (AAM) market promises to introduce a new mode of transport for urban and intercity travelers — particularly those who wish to bypass the traffic congestion endemic to the world’s largest cities. The electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft serving this market, because they depend on battery-powered propulsion, also depend on high-strength, high-performance composite structures produced at volumes heretofore unseen in the aerospace composites industry. This CW Tech Days will feature subject matter experts exploring the materials, tooling and manufacturing challenges of ramping up composites fabrication operations to efficiently meet the demands of a challenging and promising new marketplace.

Manufacturers often struggle with production anomalies that can be traced back to material deviations. These can cause fluctuations in material flow, cooling, and cure according to environmental influences and/or batch-to-batch variations. Today’s competitive environment demands cost-efficient, error-free production using automated production and stable processes. As industries advance new bio-based, faster reacting and increased recycled content materials and faster processes, how can manufacturers quickly establish and maintain quality control? In-mold dielectric sensors paired with data analytics technology enable manufacturers to: Determine glass transition temperature in real time Monitor material deviations such as resin mix ratio, aging, and batch-to-batch variations throughout the process Predict the influence of deviations or material defects during the process See the progression of curing and demold the part when the desired degree of cure, Tg or crystallinity is achieved Document resin mix ratios using snap-cure resins for qualification and certification of RTM parts Successful case histories with real parts illustrate how sensXPERT sensors, machine learning, and material models monitor, predict, and optimize production to compensate for deviations. This Digital Mold technology has enabled manufacturers to reduce scrap by up to 50% and generated energy savings of up to 23%. Agenda: Dealing with the challenge of material deviations and production anomalies How dielectric sensors work with different composite resins, fibers and processes What is required for installation Case histories of in-mold dielectric sensors and data analytics used to monitor resin mixing ratios and predict potential material deviations How this Digital Mold technology has enabled manufacturers to optimize production, and improve quality and reliability

SolvaLite is a family of new fast cure epoxy systems that — combined with Solvay's proprietary Double Diaphragm Forming technology — allows short cycle times and reproducibility. Agenda:  Application Development Center and capabilities Solutions for high-rate manufacturing for automotive Application examples: battery enclosures and body panels

OEMs around the world are looking for smarter materials to forward-think their products by combining high mechanical performance with lightweight design and long-lasting durability. In this webinar, composite experts from Exel Composites explain the benefits of a unique continuous manufacturing process for composites profiles and tubes called pull-winding. Pull-winding makes it possible to manufacture strong, lightweight and extremely thin-walled composite tubes and profiles that meet both demanding mechanical specifications and aesthetic needs. The possibilities for customizing the profile’s features are almost limitless — and because pull-winding is a continuous process, it is well suited for high volume production with consistent quality. Join the webinar to learn why you should consider pull-wound composites for your product. Agenda: Introducing pull-winding, and how it compares to other composite manufacturing technologies like filament winding or pultrusion What are the benefits of pull-winding and how can it achieve thin-walled profiles? Practical examples of product challenges solved by pull-winding

Composite systems consist of two sub-constituents: woven fibers as the reinforcement element and resin as the matrix. The most commonly used fibers are glass and carbon, which can be processed in plane or satin structures to form woven fabrics. Carbon fibers, in particular, are known for their high strength/weight properties. Thermoset resins, such as epoxies and polyurethanes, are used in more demanding applications due to their high physical-mechanical properties. However, composites manufacturers still face the challenge of designing the right cure cycles and repairing out-of-shelf-life parts. To address these issues, Alpha Technologies proposes using the encapsulated sample rheometer (premier ESR) to determine the viscoelastic properties of thermosets. Premier ESR generates repeatable and reproducible analytical data and can measure a broad range of viscosity values, making it ideal for resins such as low viscous uncured prepreg or neat resins as well as highly viscous cured prepregs. During testing, before cure, cure and after cure properties can be detected without removing the material from the test chamber. Moreover, ESR can run a broad range of tests, from isothermal and non-isothermal cures to advanced techniques such as large amplitude oscillatory shear tests. During this webinar, Alpha Technologies will be presenting some of the selected studies that were completed on epoxy prepreg systems utilizing ESR and how it solves many issues in a fast and effective way. It will highlight the advantages of this technique that were proven with the work of several researchers. Moreover, Alpha Technologies will display part of these interesting findings using the correlations between the viscoelastic properties such as G’ and mechanical properties such as short beam shear strength (SBS).

Surface preparation is a critical step in composite structure bonding and plays a major role in determining the final bonding performance. Solvay has developed FusePly, a breakthrough technology that offers the potential to build reliable and robust bonded composite parts through the creation of covalently-bonded structures at bondline interface. FusePly technology meets the manufacturing challenges faced by aircraft builders and industrial bonding users looking for improved performance, buildrates and lightweighting. In this webinar, you will discover FusePly's key benefits as well as processing and data. Agenda: Surface preparation challenges for composite bonding FusePly technology overview Properties and performance data

The annual Conference on Composites, Materials, and Structures (also known as the Cocoa Beach Conference) is the preeminent export controlled and ITAR restricted forum in the United States to review and discuss advances in materials for extreme environments. The Conference started in the 1970s as a small informal gathering for government and industry to share information on programs and state-of-the-art technology. Attendance has grown to nearly 500 people while preserving this same objective to share needs and trends in high-temperature and extreme environment materials, and the latest information on advanced materials and manufacturing processes. The five-day conference program includes two to three parallel sessions per day on topics including thermal protection materials, ceramic matrix composites, carbon-carbon materials, ballistic technologies, hypersonics, and gas turbine engines. Attendees are engineers, scientists, managers, and operational personnel from the turbine engine, aviation, missiles and space, and protective equipment communities. These communities include the Navy, Air Force, Army, MDA, NASA, DARPA, FAA, DOE, engine manufacturers, missile and aircraft manufacturers, commercial space companies, and material and component suppliers. The Conference will be held in St. Augustine again for 2024! Participation is limited to U.S. Citizens and U.S. Permanent Residents only with an active DD2345 certification.

The 48th International Conference & Exposition on Advanced Ceramics & Composites (ICACC 2024) will be held from Jan. 28–Feb. 2, 2024, in Daytona Beach, Fla. It is a great honor to chair this conference, which has a strong history of being one of the best international meetings on advanced structural and functional ceramics, composites, and other emerging ceramic materials and technologies.

Venue ONLY ON-SITE @AZL Hub in Aachen Building Part 3B, 4th Floor Campus Boulevard 30 52074 Aachen Time: January 31st, 2024 | 11:00-16:00h (CET) This first constitutive session will shape the future of the workgroup. ✓ Insights into solutions for e.g. circularity, recycling, sustainability, end of life etc. ✓ Interactive exchange along the value chain to tackle these challenges: Share your input in the “World Café” workshop session! ✓ Are you a solution provider? Take your chance and present your solution approach in a short 5-minute pitch. Get in touch with Alexander.  

The Transformative Vertical Flight (TVF) 2024 meeting will take place Feb. 6–8, 2024 in Santa Clara, California, in the heart of Silicon Valley and will feature more than 100 speakers on important progress on vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft and technology. 

The Program of this Summit consists of a range of 12 high-level lectures by 14 invited speakers only. Topics are composite related innovations in Automotive & Transport, Space & Aerospace, Advanced Materials, and Process Engineering, as well as Challenging Applications in other markets like Architecture, Construction, Sports, Energy, Marine & more.

JEC World in Paris is the only trade show that unites the global composite industry: an indication of the industry’s commitment to an international platform where users can find a full spectrum of processes, new materials, and composite solutions.

Thousands of people visit our Supplier Guide every day to source equipment and materials. Get in front of them with a free company profile.

Initial demonstration in furniture shows properties two to nine times higher than plywood, OOA molding for uniquely shaped components.

The composite tubes white paper explores some of the considerations for specifying composite tubes, such as mechanical properties, maintenance requirements and more.

Foundational research discusses the current carbon fiber recycling landscape in Utah, and evaluates potential strategies and policies that could enhance this sustainable practice in the region.

In its latest white paper, Exel navigates the fire, smoke and toxicity (FST) considerations and complexities that can influence composites design.

New white paper authored by Eike Langkabel, Sebastian de Nardo, and Jens Bockhoff, examines the best resin formulations for composites used in automotive part production, both structural parts and body panels.

Tension control plays a vital role in composites manufacturing in order to achieve automated processing, continuous processing, reduced scrap, increased product quality, and more, says a new white paper released by The Montalvo Corp.

Online industry event in spring 2024 will feature six presentations covering sustainability in the composites industry.

Austrian research institute Wood K plus makes 95% silicon carbide ceramics more sustainable (>85% bio/recycled content), enables 3D shapes via extrusion, injection molding and 3D printing.

Thermoplastic polymer resin was designed to tackle distinctive industry challenges of large-scale 3D printing while also assisting with sustainability initiatives.

The MB9, representing a combination of high performance and eco-conscious materials use, will be commercially available in time for the 2024 sailing season.

For 42 months, the Aitiip Technology Center will coordinate the EU-funded project to design a new range of intermediate materials, such as pellets or resin-impregnated carbon fibers, which will be used to manufacture more sustainable final products.

Co-located R&D and production advance OOA thermosets, thermoplastics, welding, recycling and digital technologies for faster processing and certification of lighter, more sustainable composites.

During CW Tech Days: Thermoplastics for Large Structures, experts explored the materials and processing technologies that are enabling the transition to large-part manufacturing.

CW’s editors are tracking the latest trends and developments in tooling, from the basics to new developments. This collection, presented by Composites One, features four recent CW stories that detail a range of tooling technologies, processes and materials.

The composites industry is increasingly recognizing the imperative of sustainability in its operations. As demand for lightweight and durable materials rises across various sectors, such as automotive, aerospace, and construction, there is a growing awareness of the environmental impact associated with traditional composite manufacturing processes.

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CFRP pultrusion and pullwinding specialist Epsilon Composite combines thermoplastic overmolding with traditional thermoset processes, demonstrated through aircraft struts and industrial applications.

Functionalizing semi-finished pultruded/pull-wound profiles. In searching for low-cost processes to add functionalization to its semi-finished composite profiles and tubes, and to reduce the use of adhesives with its products, Epsilon Composite developed and patented a thermoplastic composite injection overmolding process with its injection molding partner Somocap. Photo Credit, all images (including image in line with title): Epsilon Composite

Epsilon Composite (Gaillan Médoc, France) specializes in carbon fiber/epoxy pultrusion and pullwinding, enabling the manufacture of medium- to large-series, high-performance carbon fiber composite parts, faster and at a lower cost compared to many other processes.

Since its start in the late 1980s, the company has manufactured semi-finished pultruded profiles for a variety of applications in aerospace, industrial and other markets. For many of the end-use parts made from Epsilon Composite’s profiles and tubes — aircraft struts, industrial parts, technical rollers and more — metal or plastic end fittings and inserts are often bonded to them to add functionality or a connection point for other parts.

However, bonding requires the addition of several, often manual, steps: surface preparation, application and curing of the adhesive. This makes adhesive bonding too cost- and labor-intensive for many large-series applications that require thousands of parts per year. Mechanical fasteners can also be used in some cases, but these introduce other challenges as well, such as added weight and assembly steps, and the necessity to machine holes into the pultruded part, which often reduces its mechanical properties.

In 2012, the company began experimenting with alternative methods for adding end fittings or other functionality to components made via pultrusion or pullwinding. “The goal was to find a method that would result in a low-cost, high-quality product, which is kind of the Holy Grail,” explains Alexandre Lull, deputy CEO of Epsilon Composite.

One idea was to use composite injection overmolding as a means for joining a metal end fitting to the pultruded profile. Injection overmolding, using primarily glass or carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics, was chosen, Lull says, because of its potential for complementing the low cycle times and high-volume capabilities of the pultrusion or pullwinding process the company was already using.

However, the challenge was that Epsilon’s pultruded profiles are made with epoxy or another thermoset resin matrix, and injection overmolding introduces a thermoplastic matrix, injected under high heat and pressure, with a different coefficient of thermal expansion.

Epsilon spent the next few years figuring out the best way to implement its ideas for a hybrid thermoset composite pultruded component overmolded with a thermoplastic. For this, Epsilon worked closely with its injection molding partner Somocap (Jatxou, France). “We brought the engineering and composite knowledge, and they brought the injection molding machinery and process knowledge,” explains Ambroise Latron, head of R&D at Epsilon.

Specialists in carbon fiber/epoxy pultrusion and pullwinding. These images show Epsilon’s pullwinding process before (top image) and after (bottom image) cure via a heated die the profile is pulled through.

According to the U.S. patent filing in 2021, the process involves several steps: First, a hollow, tube-shaped thermoset composite profile is produced via pullwinding or pultrusion. The end of the profile is then machined to allow for the shape of the end fitting to be attached, which provides a rough surface area for the profile to attach to. Next, a tool/plug is positioned within the profile in the injection machine, and the thermoplastic is then injected, under a specified heat and pressure, around the profile and end fitting, binding them together.

Ultimately, this method can either be used as a way to join a traditional metallic end fitting to the pultruded profile or tube, or the metal can be replaced altogether, and a thermoplastic composite tip can be added via overmolding.

The first demonstrations of the technology involved injecting polyetheretherketone (PEEK) over the top of carbon fiber/epoxy pultruded tubes. “The PEEK is injected at a very high temperature, about 300°C, so we had to make sure that the resin matrix of the [thermoset] composite tube would be able to sustain this temperature for a brief period of time,” says Latron. Through trial and error the R&D team figured out the right combination of a fast injection overmolding process and the required glass transition temperature (Tg) thermoset matrix to produce repeatable results with no damage to the pultruded tube, despite the differences in the materials.

The patent notes, “This method is simple because it may require few steps, but it makes it possible to obtain assemblies that can withstand strong traction, compression, temperature gradients, with materials of different expansion coefficients.”

The original demonstrator parts not only proved feasibility of the process, but exceeded performance expectations, Lull says. This led the company to patent the technology, and to begin introducing it to customers for commercial applications.

Lull notes that a range of materials have been used, from relatively low-cost polyamide 6 (PA6) filled with glass fiber, to higher performance materials such as PEEK, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) or polyetherimide (PEI) reinforced with glass or carbon fiber. Unreinforced resin systems can also be used if desired.

Compared to other methods like bonding, use of mechanical fasteners or even filament winding over the top of the end fitting, benefits of overmolding are said to include lower cost, weight savings and improved impact tolerance. If metal is replaced by a thermoplastic, corrosion risks can also be eliminated.

This solution can also add sustainability benefits: Chemical solvents and adhesives are removed from the process, plus the use of thermoplastic as a joining method enables the two components to be separated at the part’s end of life (EOL) with the addition of heat, increasing the potential for recyclability. “Plus, there is no scrap in the injection process. Any scraps produced can be melted down into and reused in the injection molding process,” adds Lull.

After developing and proving out prototypes, the first commercial use case of this technology was in 2015 with a U.S.-based company, manufacturing pultruded rods for use in industrial robotics.

First application: Industrial. One of Epsilon’s core end markets, industrial applications such as arms for machinery or robotics, were the first application of its injection overmolding joining process.

“We worked with industrial clients at first, but the first major business for us was aerospace,” says Lull. In 2018, the company began an R&D project with Airbus (Toulouse, France). This work stemmed from a previous R&D collaboration in which Epsilon had demonstrated its pultrusion technology for manufacturing high-performance tubular structural struts with bonded metallic end fittings. Epsilon successfully demonstrated the performance of the parts and reliability of the manufacturing process up to TRL 6 and Airbus’s internal standards — however, the project did not move on commercially because the structural bonding was considered too risky for critical aerospace structures. To combat these risks, Epsilon developed and patented a process specifically designed to secure the bonding according to aerospace standards, but the process was more expensive, negating the time and cost savings of choosing pultrusion for the struts to begin with.

In the meantime, Epsilon and Somocap developed a new overmolding process and began producing industrial parts commercially. So, for its next R&D iteration of these struts with Airbus, Epsilon introduced overmolding of the end fittings as a solution that met the needs for both optimized cost and high reliability in the parts and process.

Aircraft struts and beyond. After initial successes in industrial and aerospace markets, Epsilon says it uses injection overmolding as a cost-effective, reliable alternative to adhesive bonding for many of its large-scale orders. 

Lull explains that an intensive, year-and-a-half-long development process followed, designed to find the right set of parameters and tools to optimally overmold the end fittings onto thermoset composite pultruded tubes. In the end, the struts proved successful and demonstrated a 50% cost savings over traditional composite struts made from filament winding or prepreg. The struts were ultimately qualified by Airbus for commercial use, and Epsilon continues to provide these parts to the aerospace market.

“It’s a big advantage for aerospace in particular,” says Lull. “This technology eliminates the risk of failure for bonding or even mechanical fasteners, and we’ve proven out the process to be able to consistently produce thousands of reliable high-quality parts with no scrap.” He adds that this solution enables parts be reliably and effectively evaluated using nondestructive inspection (NDI) methods that are not able to be used on bonded parts.

Beyond aerospace, the company has also demonstrated the technology commercially with agricultural machinery, working with a customer  to replace steel spray boom arms for industrial tractors with 50-meter-wide pultruded composite booms. “The steel booms cannot be as wide, because they are heavier and not as stiff,” explains Romain Coullette, sales director of Epsilon. “Composites are stiffer, lighter and eliminate potential issues with corrosion, so there are many benefits, but productivity is the biggest advantage.” Larger booms enable fields to be sprayed in less time, increasing efficiency.

There are other composite booms on the market; Epsilon’s is a truss-shaped pultruded structure, which Coullette says makes it highly optimized for high stiffness at the lowest weight possible and the least amount of material use, leading to lower overall costs.

This technology has become a go-to solution for Epsilon for large-series parts across end markets. “We’ve been making tens of thousands of parts with zero failure,” says Coullette. “It’s very cost-competitive. Eventually we plan to replace bonding for medium- and large-series parts in all of our end markets.”

Epsilon’s R&D team continues to optimize its overmolding process, to make the overall process and workflow faster and more efficient between pultrusion and injection, and to develop lower cost or modular tooling suitable for small-series applications.

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